A screening-level cost model for geomembrane-lined pumped storage reservoirs

Pumped storage is a proven and widely deployed technology for large-scale energy storage and grid reliability. As interest in new pumped-storage development increases (particularly for closed-loop configurations) there is increasing focus on the design and cost of surface reservoirs. Reservoir lining systems play a critical role in minimizing seepage losses, maintaining storage efficiency, and ensuring long-term performance. However, developers often lack practical tools to evaluate alternative lining approaches at early project stages. This paper presents a screening-level cost model for geomembrane lining systems, developed to support early decision-making in pumped-storage reservoir design.